The origin of glass dates back to 3000 BC. Credit is given to the Egyptians and the Sumarians of the Indus valley. The oldest form of glass which was created during this era is known as faience. This was an opaque mixture of finely graded sand and metal oxides. After firing it resembled the ceramic glazes as found on contemporary pottery. These ancient alchemists had made a great chemical breakthrough. When silicates, i.e. quartz, flint, or sand, is mixed with potash or natron, and heated in a furnace, the resulting product is glass. The alchemists found that by adding metal oxides to this mixture, a wide range of colored glass could be produced.
One of the tools which were invented for working with fiancé, was a solid metal rod which was coated with a mixture of sand and organic material. By coating or layering the end of the rod with hot glass, a small vessel would take shape. After the glass had been cooled down, the charred organic material was removed from the interior, leaving a hollow core vessel. As time progressed, the glass artisans became more skillful with their craft. New developments in furnace design aided in the manufacture of glassware at a rate unimaginable by the earlier craftsmen.
In Egypt, during the reign of Amenhotep IV (1379 – 1363 BC), cuneiform tablets revealed a formula for glazes as well as a description of the furnaces. The descriptions are as follows: "furnaces for metal", "furnaces with floor and eyes", and "furnaces of the arch". The "furnace with floor and eyes" is a quote describing a glass furnace. Under the floor, in a crucible, the glass was melted and prepared for use. A glass craftsmen would then gather a bit of molten glass onto the end of the metal rod using the "eyes" of the furnace to reheat the vessel as needed. The "arch" of the furnace is a reference to an annealing chamber entrance. By putting the completed vessel into the annealing chamber, the glass was allowed to drop in temperature at a predictable rate. If allowed to cool down to quickly, the glass would break. By the end of the reign of the Egyptian dynasties, vessels, sculptures, and jewelry created by the artisans, revealed a masterful use of techniques for this very diverse medium.
As the glass trade expanded into other parts of the Old World, namely the Near East, the Mediterranean, and Europe, new designs for glass furnaces as well as more refined materials for the furnaces, were being developed. One invention which started a revolution in glass working was the "blowing iron". This occurred, most likely, in Syria, around the second century BC. The blowing iron was a hollow metal tube, onto which a small bit of glass would be gathered from a crucible within the glass furnace. By blowing into the end of the iron, a small bubble would be formed onto which consecutive gathers of glass could be applied.
This innovation led to the manufacture of a greater variety of glassware items. Stemware, plates, bottles, bowls, and vases were now accessible to the general populace and were becoming more and more commonplace. As the techniques of glass blowing advanced, small sheets of glass were easily produced which could then be sized, cut and glazed into a window frame thus allowing light into a room while keeping the elements at bay. Glazed windows are evident in the first century AD. This is around the time the batch formulas for glass were being developed that form the transparent colors found so abundantly today. This is also when the earliest stained glass windows started appearing.
Below, in chronological order, are descriptions of dates, locations, and individuals which have a major impact in the further innovation of the history of glass.
The first Neolithic or New Stone Age farmers develop some of the earliest techniques of pottery making. This occurred in the villages of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Around 6,000 B.C. the pottery had developed into an art, forming its own distinctive style. Return to Index
The Sumerians were the earliest inhabitants of Mesopotamia. Their civilization was based on urban settlements which allowed their culture to develop and prosper. Their art reflected human and animal images carved from alabaster and clay based materials. Their pottery displayed a wide variance of decorative styles ranging from geometric patterns to stylized animal figures. Return to Index
Pharaonic art was greatly influenced by Sumerian art. A victory palette of King Narmer of Egypt showed certain characteristics of the Sumerian style. This palette was cut in relief depicting the conquests of the king. A glazed quartz frit, termed faience, was developed around 3,000 B.C.. This material was widely used to make vessels, ornaments, beads, and tiles. Return to Index
During the eighteenth dynasty, (1567 – 1320 B.C.), the first glassware had been developed. Hollow vessels were molded onto metal rods and decorated with trails of opaque glass. Mosaic tiles were being made by fusing colored rods together. Early forms of glass engraving were being practiced allowing sculptural pieces of art to be created, i.e. effigies, gods, and scarabs. The solid piece of glass would be carved much as a sculptor cuts a precious stone. Return to Index
The Syrians invented the "blowing iron". This tool increased the efficiency of the glass artisans while allowing larger and more innovative vessels to be created. Return to Index
Roman historian Pliny, states in Naturalis Historica, man first produced glass by accident about the year 5,000 B.C.. "Phoenician sailors, feasting on a beach near Belus in Asia Minor, could find no stones on which to place their cooking pots. Therefore they them on blocks of soda carried by their ship as cargo. As the fires heat increased, the sand and soda turned to molten glass." Return to Index
The barbarian invasions destroyed the glass industry in all parts of the empire with the exception of the Byzantium. German provinces in the north continued on the tradition most notably in Cologne. Some of the finer pieces show trailed thread decoration. Return to Index
Merovingian glass, found in pagan tombs of this period, include ribbed ware, drinking horns, and "claw beakers" which had trunk like appendages curving down from the body of the vessel. Return to Index
The royal burial mound at Sutton Hoo contained gold, garnet and glass jewelry apparently from one workshop indicating a high standard of Anglo-Saxon craftsmanship. Return to Index
Queen Theodolinda wills the earliest surviving jeweled book cover to the Basilica of St. John at Monza. The cover was divided into fourths by a gold cross. Cloisonné’ glass and cameo are used. Return to Index
Centers at Baghdad and Cairo were luster-ware pottery by reducing silver and copper pigments onto an already fused glaze. Return to Index
Wolvinius, a German artist, created an altar frontal for St. Ambrogio, Milan, in Cloisonne’ enamel. Cloisonne’ work with glass and stones had flourished in northern Europe since 600 A.D.. Return to Index
In the cities of Kiev, Ryazan, and Vladimir, glass mosaic cubes, bangles, and vessels were in production. The main colors which dominated the glass centers were pale and dark blue, green, and yellow. Kiev became an important center known for its wide range of colors used by the Cloisonne’ artists. The colors were white, Pinkish-yellow, turquoise, and dark blue. Return to Index
During the beginning of the Crusades, the Venetian merchants were able to contract with the Syrian glassmaking centers. Return to Index
Probable date of the five windows in Augsburg Cathedral, thought to be the oldest surviving stained glass windows. Return to Index
A Venetian school of mosaic art was established and became influential throughout Italy. Return to Index
Beginning of a period of stained glass production at the abbey of St. Denis under Abbot Suger. St. Denis became the center of a French school of window design which was influential in the Netherlands and England. The style used small pieces of glass in strong colors. Return to Index
Earliest of the stained glass windows of Cathedral, about half, of the 106 windows were donated by trade guilds and portray their donors work. Return to Index
The Altarists glass-makers of Montferrat began to disperse throughout Europe. Return to Index
A glass-blowers guild is known to have existed. Return to Index
Laurence Vitrearius from Normandy was established in the Surry-Sussex weald as a maker of window glass. Return to Index
The Rasulid emirs were patrons of the arts. The period is noted for blown glass which was then enameled and gilded. Return to Index
The Mongol occupation greatly disrupted the growth of Russian art. The glass-making centers were destroyed. Return to Index
Roger Bacon first outlined the laws of reflection and refraction of light. He also described a prototype for the magnifying glass. Return to Index
Glass mirror invented. Return to Index
Glass factories making soda-glass were established on Murano Island. Return to Index
The abbey church of Altenberg, near Cologne, was given grisaille windows instead of the customary bright colors. Return to Index
Silver Stain was first used in stained glass windows. Its discovery was an accident. The silver button of a monk’s tunic apparently fell off and landed on a piece of glass in a kiln. Upon opening the kiln, after the firing, the button was found resting on a piece of glass. To the surprise of the monk, a noticeable round halo, amber in color, was found to be surrounding the button. Return to Index
Discovered in Venice that manganese oxide would clarify glass and remove the green and brown tints of iron in silica. The resulting clear glass resembled rock crystal and was called crystal. Return to Index
Damascus was invaded by Timur, who the glass industry. As a result, Syrian competition was eliminated, leaving Venice with a stronger competitive edge. Return to Index
Venetian glass artists began to make pedestal foot goblets. Venetian glass was suitable for molding yet to fragile to engrave. Thus the surface decoration was done be enamels. Latticino and crackle glass was developed during this time. Return to Index
Discovery of Venetian cristallo glass-making technique, attributed to the Berovieri family of Murano. Return to Index
Revival of the medieval glass industry, making mosaic cubes, rings and vessels. Return to Index
Stained glass artist Dirk Vellert (1511 – 1544) was made a master of the guild of St. Luke in Antwerp. His works can be found in Germany, England, and Spain. Return to Index
By this date émigré Altarists and Venetian glass- makers had established studios in Antwerp and Liege. Return to Index
Glass-makers made lace glass or latticine, containing lacy patterns in opaque white. Return to Index
W. Snell formulated the Law Of Refraction Of Light. Return to Index
George Schwanhardt (1601 – 1667) began work as a glass engraver in Nuremberg. He further developed the technique of an earlier artist, Casper Lehmann (1570 – 1622) of engraving with the wheel and diamond. He was the first person to polish the surface. Return to Index
Lorraine, the main center for making colored, was devastated by war and the glass-makers dispersed. Colored glass being no longer available, artists began to make windows by painting pictures on clear glass with vitreous enamel. Return to Index
The Izmaylovo glass factory, the first recorded Russia, was founded, employing Venetian glass-blowers. Return to Index
Issaic Newton constructed the reflecting telescope. Return to Index
Abraham Thevart cast the first glass plate. Return to Index
Powdered flint became the English silica for glass-making. Flint produced a glass that cracked on the inside: to counter this, lead was added thus producing a crystal which diffused light with an unparalleled brilliance. George Ravenscroft, (1618 –1681), had discovered lead crystal. Lead Crystal was patented in 1674. Return to Index
Johann Kunckel (1630 – 1703) developed goldrubinglas (gold ruby glass) characterized by deep rich colors, including green. Return to Index
Sparrow Hills glass factory was established by English masters and glass-blowers, who trained Russian craftsmen. Return to Index
Founding of the royal glass factory at La Granja. From 1775 it produced crystal glass with gilded and engraved patterns. Return to Index
Invention of Zeischengoldglass, a style of glass in which the sides of the vessel were decorated in gold leaf. It was then encased in an outer layer of glass, which was then converted on to the original. Return to Index
First know pieces of English cut-glass: shallow cutting was used until c. 1800 when the typical deep-cut diamond pattern was developed. Return to Index
Caspar Wistar (1696 – 1752), a German established the first successful American glass factory, in New Jersey. He made free-blown ware decorated with applied form especially the "lily-pad" motif known as the South Jersey style. The style lasted c. 1850. American glass-making began as an industry, not a craft, and designers did not make their own glasses. Return to Index
Foundation of the Kosta glassworks, which became famous for cut and engraved crystal. Sculptured glass was also developed at a later time. Return to Index
The glass-maker Bakhnetev and chemist Lomonosov developed white opaline glass and smalt, heavy colored glass. They also revived the glass-cube mosaic. Return to Index
Henry Stiegel (1729 – 1785) a German, flourished as a glass-maker, with factories in Pennsylvania. He was the first American glass-maker to insist on controlling the quality of his glass. Return to Index
John Fredrick Amelung, a German prospered as a glass-maker in Maryland. He closely imitated European forms and produced better quality glass than his predecessors. Return to Index
Bakewell & Co. of Pittsburgh, began production of cut and engraved glass. Return to Index
New England Glass Company was founded. Free-blown glass and engraved glass was the firms specialty. In 1892 the company was purchased by the Libby Glass Company. Return to Index
Development of press-molded glass, which was pressed by plunger into a pattern mold. Return to Index
Founding of the Boston and Sandwich Glass Company. They specialized in mold-blown and pressed glass of lacy design, and in cut glass with colored overlay. Return to Index
Venetian paperweights began to be imported. They became the model for glass factories of Baccarat, Clichy, and St. Louis. Return to Index
Exhibition of cased glass by Bohemian glass-makers at the Great exhibition, London, greatly influenced glass manufacturing in England. Return to Index
William Morris and Associates set up Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. to make hand made furniture, metalware, ceramics, textiles, and glass. Return to Index
William Leighton developed a soda lime glass as clear as lead glass but at a far reasonable price. Return to Index
During the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition, the glass displayed was more deeply cut and more elaborately patterned. This marked the beginning of the American "brilliant" period in American glass manufacturing. Return to Index
Louis Comfort Tiffany (1848 – 1933) formed Louis C. Tiffany & Associated Artists, painters, architects, glass-makers, and general decorative artists. Return to Index
Kokomo Opalescent Glass Company was established. Kokomo Glass Co. is still in production in Kokomo, Indiana. Return to Index
Emile Galle’, designer and glass-maker, specialized in decoration based entirely on earthly forms. He worked with opaque and semi-transparent glasses. Return to Index
Tiffany Studios began making fravile glass. Hot glass, when sprayed with metal salts in solution, will give the glass a colored, iridescent, and metallic sheen. Return to Index
Fredrick Carter helped to found Steuben Glass Works. He helped pioneer the decorative use of glass in architecture. The company’s leaded glass is perhaps the finest in the world. Return to Index
Alton Manufacturing Company temporarily revived the Boston Sandwich Company which had closed in 1888. The glass was made in the style of Tiffany Studios. Return to Index
The Orrefors Glass Company developed the Ariel glass technique, i.e. obtaining a design by trapping air and pigments in an outer layer of glass then fusing this to an inner layer. There are two other techniques exclusive to Orrefors. Graal glass is three alternating layers of clear and patterning. Ravenna glass is successive layers of colored decoration. Return to Index
Acrylic plastics are invented. Return to Index